Ten Books on the State
by Alberto Mingardi
An Essay Concerning the True Original End and Extent of Government
by John Locke
"The first major work, better known as Locke's Second Treatise, saying that
individuals have a natural right to life, liberty and property, regardless what
governments might say."
Fear: The Foundation of Every Government's Power
May 17, 2005
by Robert Higgs
"The people who have the effrontery to rule us, who call themselves our government,
understand this basic fact of human nature. They exploit it, and they cultivate it.
Whether they compose a warfare state or a welfare state, they depend on it to secure
popular submission, compliance with official dictates, and, on some occasions,
affirmative cooperation with the state’s enterprises and adventures. Without popular
fear, no government could endure more than twenty-four hours. David Hume taught that
all government rests on public opinion, but that opinion, I maintain, is not the bedrock
of government. Public opinion itself rests on something deeper: fear."
Food Wars and the Origin of the State
by Philip Jacobson
The state originated in food wars. Such wars are now obsolete and so
is the state.
Freedom in Chains: The Rise of the State and the Demise of the Citizen by James
Bovard
reviewed by Robert Batemarco
"The central theme of this book is that the idealist theory of the state, which
depends on the concealment of government’s coercive nature, has made the American
republic something that would be unrecognizable to its Founders. They were so keenly
aware of the clear and present danger of state coercion that they painstakingly sought
to establish institutions designed to minimize it."
Of the origin and design of government in general, with concise remarks on the
English Constitution
by Thomas Paine
The Origins of States
by Roy Halliday
Describes what experts have learned about how primary states arose.
Reply to Roderick Long's "Was the State Inevitable?"
by Phil Jacobson
"The state was formed when bands of conquering warriors found it was
more expedient to treat the conquered as cattle than to simply kill
them and/or steal from them."
The Sovereign State and Its Competitors: An Analysis of Systems Change
by Hendrik Spruyt
reviewed by Boudewijn R. A. Bouckaert
"Viewed from this globalist perspective, Hendrik Spruyt’s book constitutes an
intellectual “scoop,” for it provides us with penetrating insights into the emergence
of the nation-state and the international system of which it forms the unit. If
globalization is not a mere fantasy–and there are grounds for thinking it is not; some
economists have expressed strong doubts about the future of the nation-state–then it is
certainly useful to understand the processes by which the system whose virtual
disappearance we are now contemplating became established initially."
The State: Its History and Development Viewed Sociologically
1922
by Franz Oppenheimer
"A pioneering historical analysis of the state from a sociological perspective which
focuses on the changing nature of political power and the groups who wielded this power.
One of his key insights is the distinction between the economic and the political means
of acquiring wealth."
The State: Its History and Development Viewed Sociologically by Franz Oppenheimer
reviewed by Candice I. Copas
A positive review and summary of Oppenheimer's theory of the origin of
the state, the stages of its development, its history, and its future.
Was the State Inevitable?
by Roderick T. Long
The state was not inevitable, although the material scarcity before the
industrial revolution made the creation of the state more likely.
Bureaucracy and the Civil Service in the United States
by Murray N. Rothbard
"Bureaucracy is necessarily hierarchical, first because of the Iron Law of Oligarchy, and
secondly because bureaucracy grows by adding more subordinate layers. Since, lacking a
market, there is no genuine test of "merit" in government's service to consumers, in a
rule-bound bureaucracy seniority is often blithely adopted as a proxy for merit.
Increasing seniority, then, leads to promotion to higher ranks, while expanding budgets
take the form of multiplying the levels of ranks under you, and expanding your income
and power. Bureaucratic growth occurs, then, by multiplying levels of bureaucracy."
From Freedom to Bondage
1891
by Herbert Spencer
"For as fast as the régime of contract is discarded the régime of status is
of necessity adopted. As fast as voluntary coöperation is abandoned compulsory coöperation
must be substituted. Some kind of organization labour must have; and if it is not that
which arises by agreement under free competition, it must be that which is imposed by
authority. Unlike in appearance and names as it may be to the old order of slaves and
serfs, working under masters, who were coerced by barons, who were themselves vassals
of dukes or kings, the new order wished for, constituted by workers under foremen of
small groups, overlooked by superintendents, who are subject to higher local managers,
who are controlled by superiors of districts, themselves under a central government, must
be essentially the same in principle."
The Futility of Class Warfare
by Lawrence W. Reed
"In an economy with great mobility, people simply do not remain in the same top
and bottom income categories over time. Treasury Department data show that of the
U.S. households in the bottom one-fifth of incomes in 1979, only 14 percent remained
there by 1988. Meanwhile, 35 percent of 1979’s top one-fifth had fallen from the
top by 1988."
Ludwig von Mises’ Legacy for Feminists
September 1, 1997
by Wendy McElroy
"With the death of the ERA and the consequent disillusionment of liberal feminists,
the ideology of gender feminism came to the forefront and began to exert a defining
influence on many issues. Indeed, it is not an exaggeration to state that much of
current mainstream feminism is based upon gender feminism’s version of class analysis.
It is on this point of theory that Mises provides penetrating insights on modern
feminism."
Marxist and Austrian Class Analysis
by Hans-Hermann Hoppe
The Private Use of Public Policy
February 1, 1999
by Paul Craig Roberts
"The assumption that public policy serves a public interest, itself undefined, has no
empirical foundation. It is an ideological artifact serving intellectuals who gain
private emotional satisfaction from their worship of government as secular redeemer."
The Vision of the Anointed: Self-Congratulation as a Basis for Social Policy by
Thomas Sowell
reviewed by Stephen Cox
"He brilliantly analyzes the ideas of the anointed, but he does not provide a comparably
substantial account of the processes that can cause those ideas to be reexamined and
replaced by better ones. Sowell is superbly qualified to explore that subject. One hopes
that he plans to do so in an early sequel to his current book."
Climbing Off the Bandwagon
by Wendy McElroy
An argument against the Libertarian Party on the grounds
that, "Voluntaryists observe that politics will not bring freedom any
more than violence will bring peace."
The Death of Politics
by Karl Hess
"Politics does devour men. A laissez-faire world would liberate men. And it is in that
sort of liberation that the most profound revolution of all may be just beginning to
stir. It will not happen overnight, just as the lamps of rationalism were not quickly
lighted and have not yet burned brightly. But it will happen — because it must happen."
Dialogue: Electronic Democracy and the Prospects for a Free Nation
by Richard O. Hammer and Phil Jacobson
An exchange of letters regarding Phil Jacobson's article
Glorious Revolution
for an American Free Nation.
Dimensions of the Shadow Economy
by Friedrich Schneider
"The underground economy cannot be measured with precision, but numerous plausible
estimates suggest that it is large and growing, particularly in OECD
(Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development) countries. Unless
policy makers are prepared to see this trend continue, they must reduce the burden of
taxes and social security contributions."
Dismantling Leviathan from Within, Part I: Can We? Should We?
by Roderick T. Long
Argues that seizing political power could be justified as a form
of self-defense.
Dismantling Leviathan from Within, Part II: The Process of Reform?
by Roderick T. Long
Argues that "those aspects of government whose immediate cessation
is ethically mandatory are distinct from the aspects which must for
practical reasons be phased out over time, so that an effective
state-dismantling program can take an abolitionist attitude toward
the former and a gradualist attitude toward the latter, consistent
with both libertarian moral scruples and pragmatic requirements."
Dismantling Leviathan from Within, Part III: Is Libertarian Political Action Self-Defeating?
by Roderick T. Long
This part challenges the following three arguments: "first, that
reliance on political rather than educational solutions flies in
the face of libertarian recognition that the bottom-up approaches
are more effective than top-down ones; second, that trying to put
libertarians in power ignores the fact that power tends to corrupt
its holders, even if those holders are libertarian; and third, that
by engaging in political action libertarians would be perceived as
hypocritical and so would undermine their own effectiveness."
Dismantling Leviathan from Within, Part IV: The Sons of Brutus
by Roderick T. Long
Argues that those who believe they stand to lose from the establishment
of a libertarian regime will obstruct it, and they can only be overcome
if libertarians use a bottom-up and a top-down approach simultaneously.
Dismantling Utopia: How Information Ended the Soviet Union by Scott Shane
reviewed by Yuri Maltsev
"Shane views the breakup of the Soviet Union as the logical outcome of the absence of
the market, the essential means by which complex societies transmit information."
Does Freedom Need to Be Organized?
by Carl Watner
An argument for self-improvement as the only strategy to achieve
a better world.
Elections, Libertarians, and State Power
by Calvin Stacy Powers
"If we want to gain power to dismantle the state, we must start by
working for good in our own communities."
Embracing the New World Order: Libertarians and Terrorism
by Phil Jacobson
An optimistic analysis of the terrorism problem. The failure of the
imperial, statist approach to the problem will lead to opportunities for
libertarian entrepreneurs.
Glorious Revolution for an American Free Nation
by Philip E. Jacobson
Raises the possibility of a bloodless, libertarian revolution, which
may already be underway in America.
The Good News: Tyrants Always Fail
by Richard O. Hammer
"When we comprehend, and communicate successfully, the pattern which
underlies the evil of the state, then we will defeat it."
The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, Volume 1,
Volume 2,
Volume 3,
Volume 4,
Volume 5,
Volume 6,
Volume 7,
Volume 8,
Volume 9,
Volume 10,
Volume 11,
Volume 12
1776
by Edward Gibbon
The 12-volume set of Gibbon’s magesterial history of the end of the Roman Empire, one
of the greatest works of history written during the Enlightenment.
How a state collapses
by Llewellyn H. Rockwell, Jr.
How Can Governments Be Abolished
by Lyof N. Tolstoy
Cease to give governments soldiers and money.
Ideas on Taking Apart Government
by Richard O. Hammer
Can government dismantle government?
The Information Revolution and the Death of the State
by Ian Angell
Is It Wise to Vote? Getting My Head Ready for Freedom
by Richard O. Hammer
Voting wastes time and energy that could be better spent working to
create a free nation.
Libertarianism's stealthy triumph
by Bill Winter
"Quietly, without much fanfare, many free-market, libertarian-style
alternatives to government-run systems--even ones considered hopelessly
radical, like private roads and money--have been implemented around
the country."
Nations by Consent: Decoupling the Nation-State
by Murray N. Rothbard
The Ongoing Struggle for Liberty: Reasons for Optimism
by Dwight R. Lee and Richard B. MaKenzie
A Pessimistic View of Legitimizing the Institutions of a Free Nation
by Roy Halliday
"Our [libertarian] views are not wrong, they are just not likely to
be popular with the stupid masses or with their more intelligent but
evil rulers."
The Power of Non-Violent Resistance
by Jerry M. Tinker
How non-violent resistance works as a radical alternative to electoral
politics.
Roll Back U.S. Government? Not This Time
by Marc D. Joffe
We can't count on the "Republican Revolution" or the Libertarian Party
to transform the USA into a free nation. The best prospects for liberty
remain somewhere outside the United States.
The Sovereign Individual The Impact of the Information Age
by James R. Elwood
"Today, the nation-state has run the same course as the medieval Church, becoming
corrupt, bloated and a drag on society."
Thoughts on Dismantling Government
by Richard O. Hammer
When the state monopolizes an essential service, it is important to
establish a market alternative before entirely dismantling the
government service.
You Can't Do That
by Bobby Yates Emory
Contends that trying to use government to reduce government is
counterproductive.
The Business of Government
by Murray N. Rothbard
"Conflicts and bitterness are inherent in government operation. Imagine what would
happen if all newspapers were published by government. First, because a government
operation gets its revenues from coercive taxation instead of voluntary payment for
services rendered, it is not obliged to be efficient in serving the consumer. And,
second, conflicts among groups of taxpayers would rage over editorial policy, news
content, and even tabloid versus regular size. "Rightists," "leftists,"
"middle-of-the-roaders," each forced to pay for the paper, would naturally try to
govern its policy."
Common Sense
1776
by Thomas Paine
"Published anonymously in 1776 Common Sense was the most famous pamphlet of the
American Revolution. It became an immediate best-seller and was important in galvanizing
support for independence from Britain."
The Criminal State
by Albert J. Nock
"The British State has sold the Czech State down the river by a despicable trick; very
well, be as disgusted and angry as you like, but don't be astonished; what would you
expect?--just take a look at the British State's record! The German State is persecuting
great masses of its people, the Russian State is holding a purge, the Italian State is
grabbing territory, the Japanese State is buccaneering along the Asiatic Coast; horrible,
yes, but for Heaven's sake don't lose your head over it, for what would expect?--look at
the record!"
Defining the State and Society
by Wendy McElroy
"Although the conquest theory has much greater historical validity than the consent
theory, debate continues as to what implication the origin of the State has
upon the legitimacy of current states."
Demystifying the State
by Wendy McElroy
"Libertarianism is a direct attack upon the mystique of the state. It recognizes that
the state is only an abstraction and reduces it to the actions of individuals. It
applies the same standard of morality to the state as it would to a next-door
neighbor. If it is not proper for a neighbor to tax or pass laws regulating your
private life, then it cannot be proper for the state to do so."
Dependent on D.C.: The Rise of Federal Control over the Lives of Ordinary Americans
by Charlotte A. Twight
reviewed by James L. Payne
"Welcome to the real world, says Twight, where public officials are cynical—and often
unscrupulous—partisans. They do not see their job as that of providing the public with
a balanced account of the programs with which they are involved. Instead, they present
as biased and self-serving a picture as they can get away with."
Discourses Concerning Government
1698
by Algernon Sidney
"Written in response to Sir Robert Filmer’s Patriarcha (1680), the
Discourses Concerning Government is a classic defense of republicanism and popular
government. Sidney rejected Filmer’s theories of royal absolutism and divine right of
kings, insisting that title to rule should be based on merit rather than birth; and
republics, he thought, were more likely to honor merit than were monarchies."
From The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte
by Karl Marx
"Marx has been wrongly seen as a supporter of the state, the socialist state. But
his writings are full of critical notations against the dreadful centralization
and control of everything carried out by the state in the interest of parasitic
strata. The following extract presents a picture of the French state, still valid
and perhaps closer to reality now more than ever." - John Zube
From The Origin of Family, Private Property and State
by Friedrich Engels
"This is one of the passages most forgotten by the "state socialists" because it
points out that the state has no role to play in a socialist society. According to
Engels, the state must be put "into the museum of antiquities, by the side of the
spinning wheel and the bronze axe"; it should not become the centre point of any
social organization and certainly not of a socialist society, as advocated by fake
socialists." - John Zube
Government, The State, and Private Property
by Kenneth McDonald
"Western man’s attempts to limit the State’s power brought representative Government.
Its purpose was to secure unalienable rights, a very different concept from that of
the State, which admitted no rights other than those it chose to grant."
How Government Destroys Moral Character
November 6, 2006
by Robert Higgs
"Regardless of how one assesses the morality of modern government’s hypertrophied taking
from Peter and giving to Paul, however, this activity definitely bears a deadly fruit.
Because it creates such widespread and powerful incentives for people to engage in
government-facilitated predation, instead of production, it diverts great energies,
intelligence and other resources to the pursuit of privilege."
Is Protecting Us the Government’s First Priority?
by Ivan Eland
"The answer is simple. Although the U.S. government repeatedly warns its citizens of
imminent terrorist attacks and takes Draconian measures—both at home and abroad—in the
name of “national security,” it really does not have many incentives to actually make
those citizens safer."
The Man versus the State
by Herbert Spenser
"This volume contains the four essays that Spencer published as
The Man Versus the State in 1884 as well as five essays added by later publishers.
In addition, it provides "The Proper Sphere of Government," an important early essay
by Spencer. Spencer develops various specific disastrous ramifications of the wholesale
substitution of the principle of compulsory cooperation - the statist principle - for
the individualist principle of voluntary cooperation."
Masterbond and Enron demonstrate market success, not market failure
December 15, 2002
by Leon Louw
"It is a great tribute to the market system that an Enron or Masterbond failure creates
such surprise and fuss when it happens. Some pundits even talk excitedly about 'market
failure'. However, an Enron failure is one more powerful piece of evidence of market
success. By not allowing such firms to survive, the market forces them to release
resources and create market and employment opportunities for more able current and future
participants.
Unfortunately, this can't happen in state operations. They never fail no matter how
badly they perform. Or more accurately, they keep failing forever but are never
liquidated because they are propped up by money taken from taxpayers. Yet nobody ever
talks about "government failure," presumably because it's the norm. In most government
systems, failure is so endemic and constant that people don't even bother to complain.
There are delays and hold-ups and black-outs and an endless array of failures. Many
individuals in government are doing their best, though that is not obligatory. The
problem lies not with the individuals, but is an inherent part of the system. It's just
the nature of government."
The Myth of Efficient Government Service
by Murray N. Rothbard
"The well-known inefficiencies of government operation are not empirical accidents,
resulting perhaps from the lack of a civil-service tradition. They are inherent in all
government enterprise, and the excessive demand fomented by free and other underpriced
services is just one of the many reasons for this condition."
The Nature of Man and His Government
by Robert LeFevre
"The value of this little book is its contribution and its stimulus to true revolutionary
thinking. I think you have not read its like before. If it jolts you, that's good; these
are the times when minds need waking up. Let nothing keep you from it any
longer." -- Rose Wilder Lane
The Nature of the State
by Murray N. Rothbard
"The State indeed performs many important and necessary functions: from provision of
law to the supply of police and fire fighters, to building and maintaining the streets,
to delivery of the mail. But this in no way demonstrates that only the State can perform
such functions, or, indeed, that it performs them even passably well."
Our Enemy, The State
by Albert J. Nock
"What we and our more nearly immediate descendants shall see is a steady progress in
collectivism running off into a military despotism of a severe type. Closer
centralization; a steadily growing bureaucracy; State power and faith in State power
increasing, social power and faith in social power diminishing; the State absorbing a
continually larger proportion of the national income; production languishing, the State
in consequence taking over one "essential industry"after another, managing them with
ever-increasing corruption, inefficiency and prodigality, and finally resorting to a
system of forced labour. Then at some point in this progress, a collision of State
interests, at least as general and as violent as that which occurred in 1914, will result
in an industrial and financial dislocation too severe for the asthenic social structure
to bear; and from this the State will be left to "the rusty death of machinery,"and the
casual anonymous forces of dissolution will be supreme."
The Peculiar Institution
by Jacob Halbrooks
"People who wish for liberty should not waste effort in discussing the various merits
of different governments, for all rest on the fundamental lie of government. It can only
be when the people with the majority of force in society recognize that there is no such
thing as a common will, that only an individual person has a will, that lasting progress
toward liberty will be made. Until then, the peculiar institution of government will
continue to result in products, programs, and laws that do not agree with the wishes of
the people."
The Politics of Obedience: The Discourse of Voluntary Servitude
by Etienne de la Boetie
"In short, when the point is reached, through big favors or little ones, that
large profits or small are obtained under a tyrant, there are found almost as many
people to whom tyranny seems advantageous as those to whom liberty would seem desirable."
Public Choice and Political Leadership
by Robert Higgs
"That individuals act the same in public and private life is a useful assumption in
public choice analysis, but it shouldn’t blind us to the basic truth that decent people
do not seek political power over others."
The Public Choice Revolution
by Piere Lemieux
Savings and Growth
by Jacob Halbrooks
"The apparatus that once ensured that people who infringe upon others’ rights are
punished or removed eventually degenerates into an apparatus that routinely infringes
upon those rights itself. Consequently, present administrators of the government rely
upon the power that the past administrators wrestled from the people, and the government
savings of the past directly influences the its present size and power."
The State
by Frédéric Bastiat
"The State is the great fiction through which everybody
endeavors to live at the expense of everybody else."
The State
by Randolph Bourne
"War is the health of the State."
The State
by Anthony de Jasay
"Its central theme—how state and society interact to disappoint and render each other
miserable—may concern a rather wide public among both governors and governed."
The State as an Organization: Part I,
Part II,
Part III
by Michael S. Rozeff
"Franz Oppenheimer called the state the "organization of the political means," and
Murray Rothbard defined it as "that organization in society which attempts to
maintain a monopoly of the use of force and violence in a given territorial area."
Both are right. The state is an organization, which means we can analyze it
as such."
The State: Its Historic Role
by Piotr Kropotkin
"History is not an uninterrupted natural development. Again and again development has
stopped in one particular territory only to emerge somewhere else. Egypt, the Near
East, the Mediterranean shores and Central Europe have all in turn been centres of
historical development. But every time the pattern has been the same: beginning with
the phase of the primitive tribe followed by the village commune; then by the free
city, finally to die with the advent of the State."
The State versus Liberty
by Murray N. Rothbard
"The State indeed performs many important and necessary functions: from provision of law
to the supply of police and fire fighters, to building and maintaining the streets, to
delivery of the mail. But this in no way demonstrates that only the State can perform
such functions, or, indeed, that it performs them even passably well."
Thank God for the Nation State?
March 15, 2002
by Robert Higgs
"The governments of the United States undoubtedly seize more wealth in a day than all
the sneak thieves, pickpockets, con men, and muggers in all the world have taken since
the dawn of recorded time."
Wake Up to the Law of the Ratchet
November 26, 2001
by Robert Higgs and Steve H. Hanke
"Much of the growth of government in the US and elsewhere occurs as a direct or indirect
result of national emergencies such as wars and economic depressions."
Why Government Doesn't Work by Harry Brown
reviewed by Marc D. Joffe
This book does an excellent job of explaining libertarian ideas to newcomers.
It will also appeal to libertarian activists, whether they are advocates of
pragmatism or consistency.
Anarchy, Order, and Functions Performed by Government
by Richard O. Hammer
Contains a list of human needs that can be provided by the state.
Different people think government should fill different needs from the
list, so they support the state. But all of these needs could be
provided voluntarily. We can have order without the state.
Do we ever really get out of anarchy?
by Alfred G. Cuzan
Argues that anarchy still exists between those who run the state.
Do We Need a Government?
by David Friedman
"The private market will not produce perfectly efficient law, but it is hard to see
why the public market will come even close--and there is little evidence that it does."
Do We Need a Government?
by Tom Palmer
He notes that geography plays a role in determining whether a state is necessary.
The Economics of Violent Intervention in the Market
by Murray N. Rothbard
Chapter 12 of
Fallacies of Public Goods Theory and the Production of Security
by Hans-Hermann Hoppe
Government: Unnecessary but Inevitable
by Randall G. Holcombe
"Governments are formed not to create goods and services for their citizens but to
impose force on people. This truth may seem elementary, but its full implications are
sufficiently subtle to have eluded the miscast debate over limited government versus
orderly anarchy."
Has the State Always Been There? How Tribal Anarchy Works
by Stefan Blankertz
"The intention of my speech is to rectify the false assumptions about the origins of
human society. My intention is not to advertise the tribal organization as the model
for modern societies. But to know that the root of all our societies is a well
functioning, self-conscious anarchy changes the question whether anarchy is possible
to the question how anarchy is possible."
If Hobbes is Right, Then he is Wrong: Why Social Order Can Arise Without a State
Amongst Hobbesian People
by Richard A. Garner
". . . if Hobbes is right (about human nature) then he is wrong (about the need for
strong political authority). Government can be done without."
Is Government Necessary?
by Dr. Mary Ruwart
The good doctor says no.
Justice and Its Surroundings by Anthony de Jasay
reviewed by Roderick T. Long
"In response to the claim that the state is a precondition of social order,
de Jasay points out that, on the contrary, the rise and perpetuation of the
state presuppose social order. Either a society, considered apart from
the state, can afford to protect property rights by paying the relevant exclusion
costs, or it cannot. If it can, the state is not needed. If it cannot, the society
must lack the socioeconomic infrastructure needed to set up and maintain a state
in the first place. Hence, in any given context, the state is either unnecessary
or impossible."
Networks, Anarcho-Capitalism, and the Paradox of Cooperation
by Bryan Caplan and Edward Stringham
This paper provides reasons to believe that a cartel of free-market defense firms
would not be likely to form or undermine an anarcho-capitalist society.
Practical Problems with the Power Principle
by Randy E. Barnett
Protection and Social Order
by Allen Wilhite
Society without a State
by Murray N. Rothbard
Murray Rothbard delivered this talk at the American Society for Political and Legal
Philosophy (ASPLP), Washington, DC: December 28, 1974. It was first published in
The Libertarian Forum, volume 7.1, January 1975.
Stateless Dictatorships: How a Free Society Prevents the Re-emergence of a Government
by Stefan Molyneux
"When we look at a series of steps required to make the creation of a private "rogue" army
economically profitable, we can see that it becomes so unlikely as to be functionally
impossible."
The Stateless Society: An Examination of Alternatives
by Stephan Molyneux
This article deals with the allegations that the state in necessary to (1) settle disputes,
(2) provide public goods, and (3) fight pollution.
Tacit Consent: A Quiet Tyranny
by Bowen H. Greenwood
"In the end, the doctrine of tacit consent cannot be supported while placing any
value at all on actual consent."
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This page was last updated on Auguat 5, 2007.